Background:
Sleep difficulties are common among adolescent and young adults (AYA) with cancer. Implementing stepped care interventions can improve access to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), the gold standard treatment for insomnia. This study aimed to determine feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of the first known stepped care program to treat sleep difficulties in AYA.
Methods:
AYA were screened using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). If sleep difficulties were identified on ISI/ESS, AYA were screened and referred as needed to a tertiary sleep service for sleep apnoea and restless leg syndrome. Those with sleep difficulties on ISI/ESS and no sleep apnoea/restless leg were referred to a 5-week, self-management CBT program adapted for AYA (CBT-SM). If ISI/ESS scores remained elevated after CBT-SM, they were stepped up to individual CBT. ISI/ESS changes were analysed using a paired t-test.
Results:
51 AYA were recruited (Mage=21.4 years [16y-25y]; 51% on treatment; 38/51 (75%) reported sleep difficulties). There were 5/38 (13%) referred to the tertiary sleep service and 33/38 (87%) referred into CBT-SM. To date, 28 have completed CBT-SM; 17/28 (61%) had a clinically meaningful drop in ISI scores (change ≥3) and five did not complete scheduled assessments. From pre to post CBT-SM, ISI scores declined 3.6 points (Pre:M=13.5 (4.2); Post:M=9.9 (4.6); p<0.01) and ESS scores declined 1.6 points (Pre:M=7.4 (4.0); Post:M=5.6 (4.4); p=0.02). On assessment post CBT-SM, 17 participants met criteria for individual CBT with eight (16%) opting in with data collection ongoing. For those that completed an evaluation of CBT-SM (n=24), 62% of participants, partially or completely attributed improvements in sleep to CBT-SM.
Conclusion:
High level of sleep difficulties were apparent within the AYA population. Data collected to date suggests that the AYA Can-Sleep Program is associated with clinical meaningful improvements in sleep difficulties for some AYA.